ABSTRACT
Resumen El síndrome serotoninérgico es una condición potencialmente mortal causada por medicamentos que afectan el metabolismo de la serotonina o que actúan como agonistas directos del receptor de esta o una combinación de ambos. El síndrome da lugar a una variedad de manifestaciones mentales, autonómicas y neuromusculares, que pueden variar desde leves hasta potencialmente mortales. Se reporta el caso clínico de un paciente el cual desarrolló este síndrome por la coadministración y sinergismo de linezolid y fentanilo, con una gran variedad de características clínicas, desde las más sutiles, como cifras tensionales altas de difícil manejo mientras se encontraba bajo el efecto de sedoanalgesia, hasta las manifestaciones más floridas del síndrome posterior a la suspensión de esta. La asociación de estos medicamentos representa una etiología poco informada que puede favorecer la aparición del síndrome, mientras que el uso de benzodiazepinas puede enmascarar el cuadro dificultando su diagnóstico. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(3): 59-66
Abstract Serotonin syndrome is a life-threatening condition caused by medications that affect serotonin metabolism or that act as direct agonists for serotonin receptor or a combination of both. The syndrome gives rise to a variety of mental, autonomic, and neuromuscular manifestations, which can range from mild to life-threatening. We report a clinical case of a patient who developed this syndrome due to the co-administration and synergism of linezolid and fentanyl, with a wide variety of clinical characteristics, from the most subtle, such as high blood pressure levels difficult to manage while under the effect of sedoanalgesia, to the most florid manifestations of the syndrome after 48 hours of its suspension. The association of these drugs represents a poorly reported etiology that may favor the appearance of the syndrome, while the use of benzodiazepines may mask the condition, making its diagnosis difficult. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(3): 59-66
Subject(s)
Humans , Serotonin Syndrome , Fentanyl , LinezolidABSTRACT
Abstract Background Serotonin syndrome is rarely, potentially life threatening condition, associated with use of serotonin acting medications and psychoactive drugs. In the majority of cases the symptoms occur soon after the initiation of a new drug or a change in the dose. Objective To present a case report and to describe the possible mechanism of development of serotonin syndrome during the interactions between milk thistle seeds and methadone on hepatic cytochrome enzyme system P450. Methods A case report of a young man on regular therapy with methadone, who develop a serotonin syndrome after ingestion a high dose of milk thistle seeds. Results Commercial preparations of milk thistle include the extract silibinin, which exhibits no beneficial or harmful drug interactions at normal doses, but at higher concentrations it can lead to dose-dependent effects on methadone metabolism, through inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. As a result, it may lead to enhanced serotonin re-uptake inhibition and increased serotonin activity. Discussion Milk thistle is widely used and recommended for detoxification, but it may have serious and life threatening interactions with psychotropic drugs and psychoactive substances when used in high doses.
ABSTRACT
Psychoactive drugs, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, are currently one of the most commonly used drugs, so we often find patients who consume them during the perioperative period. Historically, they have been associated with multiple and serious adverse effects, such as serotonin syndrome, but nowadays these are infrequent, especially due to the good safety profile of the new drugs most commonly used. Therefore, it is recommended to keep these drugs in the perioperative period, to avoid adverse effects related to their suspension. Among the novel and most used antidepressants are the so-called duals, such as venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine and duloxetine, these are safe and it is recommended to maintain their use. The same is recommended with drugs such as trazodone, bupropion and mirtazapine. Another antidepressant, vortioxetine, has not reported significant adverse effects in the perioperative period, so it is recommended to maintain its use. Agomelatine, derived from melatonin, is considered safe to maintain and could have beneficial effects by reducing preoperative anxiety and eventually reducing the incidence of postoperative delirium in susceptible patients. Antipsychotics are safe in the perioperative period and, in general, it is recommended to maintain their use.
Los fármacos psiquiátricos, entre los que se encuentran los antidepresivos y antipsicóticos, son de los fármacos más utilizados en la actualidad, por lo que con frecuencia nos encontramos con pacientes que los consumen en el perioperatorio. Históricamente se han relacionado con múltiples y graves efectos adversos, como el síndrome serotoninérgico, pero hoy en día estos son infrecuentes, sobre todo por el buen perfil de seguridad que presentan los nuevos fármacos más utilizados. Por lo anterior, es que en general se recomienda mantener estas drogas en el perioperatorio, para evitar efectos adversos relacionados con su suspensión. Entre los antidepresivos más utilizados se encuentran los denominados duales, como venlafaxina, desvenlafaxina y duloxetina, estos son seguros y se recomienda mantener su uso. Lo mismo se recomienda con drogas como trazodona, bupropión y mirtazapina. Otro más novedoso, la vortioxetina, hasta el día de hoy no ha reportado efectos adversos relevantes en el perioperatorio, por lo que se recomienda mantener su uso. La agomelatina, derivada de la melatonina, se considera segura de mantener y podrían tener efectos beneficiosos al reducir la ansiedad preoperatoria y eventualmente reducir la incidencia de delirium postoperatorio en los pacientes susceptibles. Los antipsicóticos son seguros en el perioperatorio y en general se recomienda mantener su uso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Perioperative Care/methods , Anesthetics/adverse effects , Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Serotonin Syndrome , Drug InteractionsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Severe complications of tramadol overdose have been reported; however, few large-scale studies have investigated this issue. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the presentation and complications of tramadol overdose in patients admitted to an intoxication referral center in northwestern Iran.METHODS: Patients with tramadol overdose admitted to Sina Teaching Hospital in Tabriz, Iran during 2013-2017 were included. For each patient, the following data were collected: demographics, previous drug or medication overdose, whether the patient was in the process of quitting drug use, ingested dose of tramadol and co-ingestants, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, clinical symptoms at the time of admission, and admission characteristics. Serotonin toxicity was diagnosed in patients who fit the Hunter criteria. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with the incidence of severe complications of tramadol overdose.RESULTS: In total, 512 cases of tramadol overdose were evaluated, of which 359 patients were included, with a median age of 41 years (range, 16-69) and a median tramadol dose of 1,500 mg (range, 500-4,000). The most frequent complications associated with tramadol overdose were hypertension (38.4%), tachycardia (24.8%), and seizure (14.5%). No serotonin toxicity was detected in patients. Having a GCS score <15, having taken a tramadol dose of >1,000 mg, being in the process of quitting drug use, being 30-49 years old, and male sex were significantly related to the incidence of severe complications of tramadol overdose.CONCLUSIONS: Although seizure was prevalent among Iranian patients with tramadol poisoning, serotonin toxicity and cardiogenic shock were rare findings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Demography , Glasgow Coma Scale , Hospitals, Teaching , Hypertension , Incidence , Iran , Logistic Models , Poisoning , Referral and Consultation , Seizures , Serotonin , Serotonin Syndrome , Shock, Cardiogenic , Tachycardia , TramadolABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Severe complications of tramadol overdose have been reported; however, few large-scale studies have investigated this issue. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the presentation and complications of tramadol overdose in patients admitted to an intoxication referral center in northwestern Iran. METHODS: Patients with tramadol overdose admitted to Sina Teaching Hospital in Tabriz, Iran during 2013-2017 were included. For each patient, the following data were collected: demographics, previous drug or medication overdose, whether the patient was in the process of quitting drug use, ingested dose of tramadol and co-ingestants, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, clinical symptoms at the time of admission, and admission characteristics. Serotonin toxicity was diagnosed in patients who fit the Hunter criteria. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with the incidence of severe complications of tramadol overdose. RESULTS: In total, 512 cases of tramadol overdose were evaluated, of which 359 patients were included, with a median age of 41 years (range, 16-69) and a median tramadol dose of 1,500 mg (range, 500-4,000). The most frequent complications associated with tramadol overdose were hypertension (38.4%), tachycardia (24.8%), and seizure (14.5%). No serotonin toxicity was detected in patients. Having a GCS score 1,000 mg, being in the process of quitting drug use, being 30-49 years old, and male sex were significantly related to the incidence of severe complications of tramadol overdose. CONCLUSIONS: Although seizure was prevalent among Iranian patients with tramadol poisoning, serotonin toxicity and cardiogenic shock were rare findings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Demography , Glasgow Coma Scale , Hospitals, Teaching , Hypertension , Incidence , Iran , Logistic Models , Poisoning , Referral and Consultation , Seizures , Serotonin , Serotonin Syndrome , Shock, Cardiogenic , Tachycardia , TramadolABSTRACT
Tapentadol was developed from tramadol by reducing its inhibitory effects on serotonin reuptake. In the present study, tapentadol was administered to a 49-year-old female esophageal cancer patient receiving a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). On the day of administration, akathisia, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia developed. On the following day, she was diagnosed with serotonin syndrome, accompanied by fever, perspiration, myoclonic jerks mainly affecting the upper limbs, tremor of the extremities, and tachycardia. The diagnosis was made using three criteria. The symptoms disappeared immediately after discontinuation of tapentadol administration and initiation of benzodiazepine treatment. In Japan, tapentadol is an opioid analgesic for cancer pain management. If it is combined with an antidepressant, follow-up care is needed in consideration of serotonin syndrome.
ABSTRACT
La toxicidad serotoninérgica es un trastorno con potencial riesgo de vida asociado con un incremento de la actividad serotoninérgica en el sistema nervioso central. Se observa con el uso terapéutico o sobredosis intencional de medicamentos e interacciones inadvertidas (inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina-isoniacida). Aunque esta patología está incrementándose, todavía no es bien reconocida por los médicos y sus manifestaciones pueden ser erróneamente atribuidas a otras causas. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un caso clínico, colaborar con el diagnóstico y mejorar el cuidado de estos pacientes.
Serotonin toxicity is a potentially life-threatening condition associated with increased serotonergic activity in the central nervous system. It is seen with therapeutic medication use, intentional self-poisoning and inadvertent interactions (SSRI-isoniazid). Although this pathology is increasingly common, it is not well recognized by physicians and manifestations may be wrongly attributed to another cause. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical picture of a patient, to collaborate on diagnosis and to improve medical care of these patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Serotonin Syndrome/diagnosis , Serotonin Syndrome/chemically induced , Drug InteractionsABSTRACT
A 68-year-old man with a diagnosis of transformation to undifferentiated carcinoma of the left thyroid who was being treated with Lenvatinib presented with swelling and pain around the left clavicle, and tramadol was started. Two days later, he developed diarrhea, sweating, disorientation, and myoclonus, leading to a diagnosis of serotonin syndrome. He also exhibited dyskinesia including involuntary movements of the arms and legs and squirming movements of the trunk. Tramadol was thus discontinued. His myoclonus and dyskinesia resolved within half a day and had disappeared the day after tramadol discontinuation. These symptoms were attributed to tramadol because there was a reasonable temporal relationship between drug administration and the adverse event. Tramadol inhibits serotonin reuptake, and thus has the potential to cause serotonin syndrome. However, there have been relatively few reports describing the occurrence of this syndrome, and there have been none showing concomitant dyskinesia. Clinicians should be aware that tramadol can cause serotonin syndrome accompanied by dyskinesia.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: el síndrome serotoninérgico es una rara afección, con reacción adversa a la administración de determinado grupo farmacológico. Objetivo: demostrar la evolución clínico-anestesiológica de un paciente con síndrome serotoninérgico. Caso clínico: paciente de 37 años con antecedentes de epilepsia, tratado con valproato de sodio. Ingresó al hospital por quemaduras de segundo y tercer grado en ambos miembros inferiores para debridamiento e implante de piel. Lleva tratamiento con tramadol 50 mg/6 h, ácido fólico 5 mg/d, fluoxetina 20 mg/d, tiamina 100 mg/d y vitamina C 500 mg/d. Se administró anestesia general con máscara laríngea. Inducción con fentanilo 100 µg, ketamina 20 mg, propofol 150 mg. Se colocó máscara laríngea 4. Respiración espontánea en modalidad PSVPro con O2 + aire + sevoflurane (CAM 0,6 por ciento). Cuando comenzó la asepsia quirúrgica se evidenció clonus en ambos miembros inferiores. No cambios hemodinámicos, ni de la temperatura (36,1 °C). Gasometría: alcalosis metabólica. Ionograma normal. Se administró 5 mg de midazolam. En el posoperatorio se retiró la máscara laríngea. TA: 106/60. Pulso: 95 lat/min. Temperatura: 35,8 °C, Sat Hb: 98 por ciento. Se constató clonus sostenido inducible al estímulo mínimo bilateral, clonus orbital e hiperreflexia. Se mantuvo en la sala de recuperación por dos horas. Se dio alta para la sala de cuidados especiales con indicaciones. Conclusiones: la evolución fue satisfactoria. Ante un paciente que llega de urgencia, se recomienda evaluar las enfermedades coexistentes y su tratamiento; no hacerlo puede traer consecuencias fatales(AU)
Introduction: The serotonin syndrome is a rare condition and includes an adverse reaction to the administration of a certain pharmacological group. Objective: To show the clinical-anesthesiological evolution of a patient with serotonin syndrome. Clinical case: A 37-year-old patient with a history of epilepsy, treated with sodium valproate. The patient was admitted to the hospital for second and third degree burns on both lower limbs for debridement and skin implant. The patient was treated with tramadol (50 mg every 6 hours), folic acid (5 mg every d), fluoxetine (20 mg every day), thiamin (100 mg every day), and vitamin C (500 mg every day). General anesthesia with laryngeal mask was administered. Induction with fentanyl (100 µg), ketamine (20 mg), propofol (150 mg). Laryngeal mask number 4 was placed. Spontaneous respiration in PSVPro modality with O2, air and sevoflurane (CAM 0.6 percent). When the surgical asepsis began, clonus was evident in both lower limbs. No hemodynamic or temperature changes (36.1 °C). Gasometry: metabolic alkalosis. Normal Ionogram. 5 mg of midazolam were administered. In the postoperative period, the laryngeal mask was removed. TA: 106/60. Pulse: 95 beats/min. Temperature: 35.8 °C, sat Hb: 98 percent. Sustained clonus inducible to minimal bilateral stimulus, orbital clonus and hyperreflexia was found. The patient remained in the recovery room for two hours and was released for the special care room with instructions. Conclusions: The evolution was satisfactory. When a patient arrives urgently, it is recommended to assess the coexisting diseases and their treatment; not doing so can bring fatal consequences(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Serotonin Agents/adverse effects , Anesthesia, General/methods , Laryngeal Masks/standardsABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and causes of serotonin syndrome induced by tramadol in order to provide references for rational drug use in clinical practice. Methods:The relevant literatures published in domestic medical journals from the building of database to 2016 were retrieved in PubMed, EMbase, CNKI and WanFang database and statistically analyzed in respects of types and relevance evaluation of adverse drug reactions, the age and gender distribution of patients, the application of drugs,occurrence time of serotonin syndrome,clinical manifestations,treatment and outcome. Results:A total of 21 cases of seroto-nin syndrome induced by tramadol were collected. Totally 19 cases were caused by combined drug use, among which 12 cases were combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The results of relevance evaluation showed 19 cases of possible relevance and 2 cases of probable relevance. Totally 10 cases of severe adverse drug reactions were reported and 11 cases of common adverse drug reac-tions were exhibited. One patient was heterozygous for CYP2D6 polymorphisms(CYP2D6?1/?4) causing decreased metabolizing a-bility to tramadol. Totally 28.6% of patients developed symptoms in 24h after the addition of new serotonergic agents or increase the dosage of serotonergic agents. In most cases,the patients' syndrome resolved with discontinuation of at least one serotonergic drug and symptomatic treatment,usually in less than one week. Conclusion:When prescribing tramadol,physicians should be aware of seroto-nin syndrome induced by drug-drug interactions and possible pharmacogenetic factors. It is important that safety monitoring should be carried out in patients during the application of drugs to reduce the harm of adverse drug reactions.
ABSTRACT
The serotonin syndrome is a serioius medical condition due due to an intensive stimulation of setonin receptors. It is a rare, but severe, consequence of interaction between serotomimetic agents. This is a report of a 70-year-old woman steadily in therapy with venlafaxine and rizatriptan for migraine and major depressive syndrome. She was admitted to neurology unit for decreased light reflex with miotic pupils, global hyperreflexia, tremor, anxiety, ataxia and incoordination. The patient was diagnosed as a probable case of serotonin syndrome due to a pharmacological interaction between venlafaxine and rizatriptan trigged by opioid intake. In this paper, the development of syntomatology, the clinical examination and the possible pharmacokinetics explanation were carefully discussed and analysed.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Anxiety , Ataxia , Codeine , Depressive Disorder , Depressive Disorder, Major , Migraine Disorders , Neurology , Pharmacokinetics , Prescription Drug Misuse , Pupil , Reflex , Reflex, Abnormal , Serotonin Syndrome , Serotonin , Tremor , Venlafaxine HydrochlorideABSTRACT
Serotonin syndrome is an unexpected fatal adverse event related to serotonergic medication. This case report is the first report describing the possible treatment effect of famotidine on serotonin syndrome. Furthermore, this is the first case report of serotonin syndrome induced by meperidine alone in a patient with no previous history suggesting a susceptibility to serotonin syndrome. A 70-year-old male with no recent history of serotonergic drug use presented with severe serotonin syndrome following ureteroscopy, possibly due to postoperative meperidine administration. The patient's symptoms included hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, myoclonus, diaphoresis, retching, nausea, agitation, and semicoma mentality with no pupillary light reflex. Symptoms began to subside immediately after the administration of intravenous famotidine for prevention of aspiration pneumonia, with mental and neurological symptoms showing improvement initially, followed by autonomic symptoms. This case report suggests that the histamine type 2 receptor antagonist famotidine may be an effective emergency treatment for serotonin syndrome.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Dihydroergotamine , Emergency Treatment , Famotidine , Fever , Histamine , Histamine H2 Antagonists , Hypertension , Meperidine , Myoclonus , Nausea , Pneumonia, Aspiration , Reflex , Serotonin Syndrome , Serotonin , Tachycardia , Tachypnea , UreteroscopyABSTRACT
Serotonin syndrome is an unexpected fatal adverse event related to serotonergic medication. This case report is the first report describing the possible treatment effect of famotidine on serotonin syndrome. Furthermore, this is the first case report of serotonin syndrome induced by meperidine alone in a patient with no previous history suggesting a susceptibility to serotonin syndrome. A 70-year-old male with no recent history of serotonergic drug use presented with severe serotonin syndrome following ureteroscopy, possibly due to postoperative meperidine administration. The patient's symptoms included hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, myoclonus, diaphoresis, retching, nausea, agitation, and semicoma mentality with no pupillary light reflex. Symptoms began to subside immediately after the administration of intravenous famotidine for prevention of aspiration pneumonia, with mental and neurological symptoms showing improvement initially, followed by autonomic symptoms. This case report suggests that the histamine type 2 receptor antagonist famotidine may be an effective emergency treatment for serotonin syndrome.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Dihydroergotamine , Emergency Treatment , Famotidine , Fever , Histamine , Histamine H2 Antagonists , Hypertension , Meperidine , Myoclonus , Nausea , Pneumonia, Aspiration , Reflex , Serotonin Syndrome , Serotonin , Tachycardia , Tachypnea , UreteroscopyABSTRACT
El síndrome serotoninérgico es una reacción adversa y potencialmente mortal a medicamentos; está caracterizado por cambios en el estado mental, hiperactividad autonómica y anormalidades músculo-esqueléticas causadas por exceso de serotonina a nivel central. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 71 años con enfermedad renal crónica estadio V y cuadro clínico de infección intraabdominal asociada al catéter. Luego de 33 días de la hospitalización presentó temblor en manos, hiperreflexia y taquicardia. Al día 36 se tornó confuso, desorientado e incoherente, con palpitaciones y disneico. Entre los factores de riesgo para desarrollo de síndrome serotoninérgico se encuentra el uso de linezolid, que en combinación de otros medicamentos con acción serotoninérgica -como los inhibidores selectivos de recaptación de serotonina, el litio, la trazodona, entre otros- se asocia con la presentación de este cuadro. El síndrome serotoninérgico puede ser evitado con una buena educación al personal médico y la modificación de las conductas de prescripción de medicamentos; el pilar del tratamiento se basa en la suspensión de los fármacos que están causando el cuadro y el planteamiento de medidas de soporte.
Serotonin syndrome is a potentially fatal adverse reaction to medication. It is described as a clinical entity characterized by changes in mental status, autonomic hyperactivity and musculoskeletal abnormalities caused by excess of serotonin at the central nervous system. A 71 years old patient with history of stage V of chronic kidney disease with clinical symptoms of intraabdominal infection associated with catheter is reported. After 33 days of hospitalization the patient began to show hand tremor, tachycardia and hyperreflexia. On day 36, the patient became confused, disoriented and incoherent, dyspneic and with palpitations. Linezolid in combination with others drugs with serotoninergic action -such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, litium, trazodone and others- has been associated with serotonin syndrome presentation. Serotonin syndrome can be avoided through a combination of medical staff education and the modification of prescription drugs behavior. The mainstay of treatment is based on the suspension of drugs that cause the symptoms and the proposal of support measures.
ABSTRACT
Serotonin syndrome, an adverse drug reaction, is a consequence of excess serotonergic agonism of central nervous system receptors and peripheral serotonergic receptors. Serotonin syndrome has been associated with large numbers of drugs and drug combinations, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor-induced serotonin syndrome is rare. It is often described as a sign of excess serotonin ranging from tremor in mild cases to delirium, neuromuscular rigidity, and hyperthermia in life-threatening cases. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms and patient's history, and several diagnostic criteria have been developed. We experienced a rare case of fibromyalgia accompanied by tremor, hyperreflexia, spontaneous clonus, muscle rigidity, and diaphoresis after 10 days of single use of duloxetine 30 mg. Only one case of serotonin syndrome resulting from administration of duloxetine has been reported in Korea, however that case resulted from co-administration of fluoxetine. We report here on this case along with a review of the relevant literature.
Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System , Delirium , Diagnosis , Drug Combinations , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Duloxetine Hydrochloride , Felodipine , Fever , Fibromyalgia , Fluoxetine , Korea , Muscle Rigidity , Reflex, Abnormal , Serotonin Syndrome , Serotonin , TremorABSTRACT
Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a potentially life-threatening condition associated with increased serotonergic activity in central nervous system and may occur during the use of serotonergic drugs. Although increasing frequency of serotonergic drug use in children, pediatricians, emergency medicine and pediatric intensive care specialists have not enough knowledge and experience about SS that is a potentially life-threatening condition. A 12-year-old girl patient was admitted to our emergency room with the history of involuntary contractions on her extremities and alteration of consciousness. Her physical examination showed agitation, hyperthermia, dilated pupils, tremor, increased deep tendon reflexes, positive spontaneous clonus, agitation, flushed skin and diaphoresis, excessive perspiration, and continuous horizontal ocular movements. The patient diagnosed as SS by clinical history, physical and laboratory findings. In this paper, we will discuss SS occurred in a 12-year-old girl after concurrent clomipramine and risperidone use.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Central Nervous System , Clomipramine , Consciousness , Critical Care , Dihydroergotamine , Early Diagnosis , Emergency Medicine , Emergency Service, Hospital , Extremities , Fever , Physical Examination , Pupil , Reflex, Stretch , Risperidone , Serotonin Agents , Serotonin Syndrome , Serotonin , Skin , Specialization , TremorABSTRACT
Serotonin syndrome is an unexpected adverse reaction of serotonergic medication. Some drugs used by anesthesiologists may cause serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is known to be related to 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A agonism. However, recent research has revealed evidence that 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) antagonism can also play a role in serotonin syndrome. Among the 5-HT3 antagonists, palonosetron is the most highly specific. In this study, we present the first case of fentanyl- and meperidine-induced serotonin syndrome precipitated by palonosetron in general anesthesia.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Felodipine , Fentanyl , Meperidine , Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists , Serotonin Syndrome , SerotoninABSTRACT
Serotonin syndrome causes confusion or altered mental status; other symptoms include myoclonus, shivering, tremors, diaphoresis, hyperreflexia, incoordination, fever and diarrhoea. Tramadol possesses dual pharmacological effects i.e., a weak opiate agonist at mu, kappa and delta opiate receptors along with reuptake inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin. Risk associated with tramadol increases when co-administered with serotonergic antidepressants or MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) and in renal impaired. The incidence of this syndrome is less than 1% as most of the cases remain unreported. The case highlights the fact that interaction between serotonergic agents like fluoxetine and tramadol especially in the presence of co-morbid medical illness can lead to serotonin syndrome.
ABSTRACT
A comprehensive assessment of the patient's drug related needs allows identifying health problems drug-induced. It has been demonstrated that each dollar spent on clinical pharmacy services reduces the pooled median cost of health by 4.81 dollars. Jaw stiffness (bruxism) can be a serotonergic manifestation related to drugs with serotonin reuptake inhibition activity. Clinical manifestations also include: agitation, tachycardia, high blood pressure, tremor, fever, dyspnea, diarrhea, mental confusion and insomnia
Subject(s)
Humans , Bruxism , Pharmaceutical Services , Chlorpromazine , Serotonin Syndrome , Medication Therapy ManagementABSTRACT
Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a potentially life-threatening drug reaction characterized by mental status change, increased neuromuscular tone, and autonomic instability. Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibacterial agent, is widely used in general hospitals; however, it interacts with some serotonin agonists and may cause SS. We report a case of SS caused by linezolid, without the concomitant use of serotonin agonist. A 72-year-old patient was admitted due to recurrent wound infection of his left ankle. He developed fever, skin rash, and renal function deterioration, and blood eosinophils and liver enzymes increased after administration of vancomycin. The antibiotic was changed to linezolid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Four days later, he developed agitation, fever, increased blood pressure, and tachycardia. There were no abnormal findings in laboratory and image tests, including brain and chest computed tomography suggesting the cause of his symptoms. He had not taken any serotonin agonists, including serotonin uptake inhibitors and monoamineoxidase-inhibiting antidepressants. When administration of linezolid was stopped, his symptoms improved within 24 hours and fully recovered within 2 days without additional treatments.